Jonathan Livingston Seagull Essay Example

Jonathan Livingston Seagull Paper Richard Bach was born in 1936 in Oak Park, Ill. Grand son of JS Bach the great composer. He attended Long Beach State College (now California State University, Long Beach) in 1955. An airplane pilot, he got married with his first wife and had six children, then divorced and left his family in part because he didnt believe in marriage. One of his children, Jonathan, wrote a book about his relationship with his father that he never knew, Above the Clouds. Everything concerning airplane was his field, including motion picture stunt pilot, Air Force tactical fighter pilot, an aviation technical writer and flight instructor. Though Aviation was his true passion, he always wanted to write; since high school, one of his gym teachers made him realize his potential. Since 1959 he had this idea of a bird learning to pass beyond the walls of limitations, Jonathan Livingston Seagull. What seems like a simple story, maybe even childish has in fact a hidden meaning. This hidden meaning is more like one of the laws of life that people nowadays seem to have forgotten the fact that you can achieve anything you want if you actually work for it. This book cannot be placed in any classical genre. We will write a custom essay sample on Jonathan Livingston Seagull specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jonathan Livingston Seagull specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jonathan Livingston Seagull specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In my opinion, is in a genre of its own a life-inspiring book. This book reminds us that we can overcome any obstacles that are in our way we just have to work for it. Jonathan, the main character, wasnt happy with the fact that all seagulls did was search for food and squawk. Instead of our drab slogging forth and back to the fishing boats, theres a reason to life! We can lift ourselves out of ignorance, we can find ourselves as creatures of excellence and intelligence and skill. We can be free! We can learn to fly! Jonathan believed that he could achieve a whole new level of flying if he practiced. He spent his days flying higher and higher trying to go faster and faster. He learned new techniques. His flock didnt approve of this at one point Jonathan was even banished. Even then he spent his days flying. One day he crashed into a cliff but he woke up and started to fly again. Soon he met more gulls that also sought the same thing he did. Soon he realized that he was in Heaven. Heaven is a place where there are no limits, where you soar to unmeasurable heights. Most of us came along ever so slowly. We went from one world into another that was almost exactly lie it, forgetting right away where we had come from, not caring where we were headed, living for the moment. Do you have any idea how many lives we must have gone though before we even got the first idea that there is more to life than eating, or fighting, or power in the Flock? A thousand lives, Jon, ten thousand! And then another hundred lives until we began to learn that there is such a thing as perfection, and another hundred again to get the idea that our purpose is to find that perfection and show it forth. The same rule holds for us now, of course: we choose our next world through what we learn in this one. Learn nothing, and the next world is the same as this one, all the same limitations and lead weights to overcome. He made friends with the other seagulls that also wanted to achieve a new level in flying. Finally, he achieved what he spent so many days and nights searching for transcendence. At the point he had to make a choice: to stay there in Heaven or to leave that wonderful place and try to find more gulls like him that understood that there was more to life. He decided to go back. He was worried that he would never meet Fletcher (his guide in Heaven) again If our friendship depends on space and time, then when we finally overcome space and time, weve destroyed our own brotherhood. But overcome space, and all you have left is here. Overcome time and all you have left is now. And in the middle of Here and Now, dont you think that we might see each other once or twice? Upon his return to the flock he indeed found more gulls that wanted to soar just like him. Each day more and more gulls joined him. Jonathan taught them new techniques, taught them love. He explained to them that there was no point in being angry with the flock, that they should learn to forgive them and try to make them understand what they knew. This book applies to todays society. People are afraid of change. Theyre so used to things staying the same that even the thought of change scares them. They feel that the easiest way to get rid of this problem is to banish people. Turn them into outcasts. What they dont understand is that being an outcast only brings more confidence, more ambition, and more power to achieve the impossible. The most important thing is to not look back and overcome all obstacles that are in your way. Somebody once said, If theres a will, theres a way. All you have to do is remember that and you will achieve everything you want. I would recommend this book to any person who likes stories with a hidden meaning in them or anyone whos forgotten that they can get anything they want done. As Richard Bach once said If you are given a wish you are also given the power to achieve it but you might have to work for it.

kipsy Essay Example

case study ob eric/ kipsy Essay Example case study ob eric/ kipsy Paper case study ob eric/ kipsy Paper case study 0b eric/ kipsy BY Dasoxup Summary of the Facts Eric and Kipsys case study helps to demonstrate the complex nature of management and organizational behavior. The case also shows the difficulty in identifying a single solution toa particular problem. Eric is the new manager of product information for a national firm which wholesales electrical components and Kipsy is a clerk. Eric is appointed the new manager right out of management training. He knows virtually nothing about the people he would be managing or the kind of work they did. On his first day Eric was fascinated by the efficiency of the operations. He soon learned how wrong he was on the second day of work. The salesmen had a list of problems they were experiencing in which they wanted Eric to solve. The three main problems are: Salesmen often were unable to get through quickly to information clerks. Errors were excessive and the clerks were often abrupt and unfriendly to the salesmen when they called. He also noted other problems which came to light which are high absenteeism and turnover, unskilled part time staff, loafing on the Job by the clerks etc. Eric was visited by the regional vice president of the company who informed him hat sales were falling companywide. He then developed an Action Plan to increase efficiency, reduce call in delays and slash the error rate. He seems to be a consultative manager which is shown by his approach to his supervisors and team members by holding meeting to try and address the problems. Disaster struck in relation to his new program in that an employee had defaced two posters used to motivate employees. His lack of experience is shown with his failure to take control of his supervisor in respect of the discipline to be maintained within the office. He eeded to take his supervisors to task over their failure to deal with the posters immediately. Eric pondered his dilemma and he concluded that the key to his problems was KIPSY. Kipsy has been an information clerk in Erics office for almost a year. In that year she has become increasingly frustrated and unhappy in her work. Kipsy had applied for the Job at the company because a friend told her that the company was a great place to work, the pay was excellent and the people she would be working with were friendly and stimulating. It was also known that the company was growing and expanding at a fast clip. To Kipsy that meant that there was a good chance for advancement which was very important to her. After a few weeks on the job her optimism and excitement was replaced by frustration and disappointment. Many of her new friends were quitting and none of the clerks knew of anybody who had been promoted to management or a better Job from the ranks of console operators. Kipsy decided the only good thing about her Job was that of becoming the informal leader of the work group. Kipsy was excited when she heard about the new manager who seemed genuinely interested in learning about the Job and in hearing hat changes people had to suggest. Her opinion about Erics managerial abilities dropped sharply a few weeks later mainly because of by what came to be known around the office as the flexible hours fiasco. She spoke to Eric about the possibility of advancement in which she did not receive a favorable response. Her expectations of the bright new manager were dashed which leads her into dysfunctional behavior. system. It took the Increase Efficiency program to finally break KIPSY completely. She and another co-worker defaced the motivational posters. Kipsy felt guilty after she had defaced the posters. Frustration is the main cause of her behavior as she recognizes that her actions were wrong but she can see no way of redressing the situation. Statement of the Problem The company has been experiencing a fall in sales which is a result of internal organizational problems. Listed below are the main problems identified: High Turnover and Absenteeism Kipsy Low customer satisfaction Lack of Communication High turnover and Absenteeism On a daily basis, employees were given a task to operate the consoles by providing the sales men in the field with information about a particular item from the catalogue. This work was monotonous and became very boring for the workers. Although the pay was good, they werent motivated to do the same monotonous task daily, so their Job involvement decreased. Absenteeism is becoming a major problem to Eric and the business due to the fact that 15 to 20% of the clerks were unlikely to show up for work on any given day especially Monday to Friday. Employees would develop a habit of tardiness, and the turnover rate was very high because 80% of employees on the Job quit every year. Kipsy- Kipsy had emerged as one of the informal leaders of the workforce. She had he power to influence the other employees , teaching them creative ways to loaf on the Job; such as ways to busy out their consoles and appear as if they we were being productive on the Job when really they were not. Kipsy displayed employee deviance by trying to undermine Erics attempts to better the organization; she targeted the signs he had put up around the office changing Increased Efficiency to Increased INEfficiencY. Low customer satisfactions Customers were unsatisfied with the service as they were always kept on hold for a long time. They were always promised to get their tems on a specific date and time which almost never happens. Customers are always complaining that the material had not been delivered and the price was different from the one which was quoted to them. This can be seen as a major problem in relation to the clerks in that the salesmen also complain that the clerks are responsible for relaying the information to them in which most times it is incorrect thereby causing low levels of satisfaction in customers. Lack of communication- The clerks are very disrespectful and unfriendly to the free which has led to communication dilemmas with the salespersons as well as elays in salesperson getting through to the clerk. Eric tried to convince the regional office to give him the authority to introduce a flexible scheduling plan however he had been told that 8:30 to 5 are the available hours Just like any other personnel policies. Eric could not communicate this information to his employees so he solicits Kipsy to tell the others. A list of organizational and managerial problems has also been identified. These includes boredom, clerks not being held responsible for their errors, little chance of advancement, management relying too much on formal structure, lack of nvolvement/participation of management with staff, low levels of motivation, delays in salesperson getting through to clerks, excessive errors, abrupt and unfriendly telephone manners, management failure to motivate staff for example no rewards for good work, low Job satisfaction, inflexibility of management for example working hours, falling sales, The main cause was due to the un-productivity caused by Kipsy being an informal leader within the organization. Her fellow workers looked to her as their leader and did whatever she asked of them. Causes of the Problems Absenteeism When people start missing work on a regular basis, it means that they do not really enjoy what they are doing or they are not motivated to work. This lack of motivation reduces Job involvement which decreases the overall quality of work. High Absenteeism and turnover can be seen as a motivational issue. There are no motivational factors for the employees, which would make them become vigorous in action. A theory of motivation can be used in this case. It is probably safe to say that the best known theory of motivation is Abraham MasloWs hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow employees have five levels of needs physiological, safety, (lower order needs) social, Esteem and self actualization (higher order needs). In this case employees lower order needs are satisfied therefore Eric needs to motivate the clerks by fulfilling their higher order needs. The company needs to motivate the employees by following this level in allowing easier and more opportunities for employees to attain higher positions and expand the possibility for growth in which they are not willing to give their employees. What do the clerks want from their Jobs? In this case the clerks are looking for intrinsic factors as explained by Hertzberg in the two factor theory. These factors include advancement, recognition, responsibility and achievement which are definitely missing from the company. In his theory he cited extrinsic factors such as supervision, pay, company policies and working conditions which lead to dissatisfaction in employees. Despite the four managers not functioning effectively and the pay not was not great but they got increases every year, this was not the focus of the clerks dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction can be seen n the clerks behavior as a result of the company policy, where clerks wanted flextime and it was turned down by management. Another cause of dissatisfaction is working conditions which were not difficult but monotonous which led to boredom. This dissatisfaction has led to the high turnover rate and absenteeism. MasloWs cause of the companys problem of High absenteeism and turnover. Kipsy Kipsy had self efficacy because she saw herself capable of performing tasks at a higher level. Kipsy was the informal leader however Just like any other clerk Kipsy needed to be motivated to give her best. Kipsy not receiving what she expected from the company has caused her to become deviant thereby creating some of the problems the company is presently facing. The ERG theory states that there are three groups of core needs: existence, relatedness and growth. In relation to Kipsy, her existence need is already catered for. Relatedness She wanted to maintain the relationship of the other clerks who look up to her as an informal leader. Growth She had an intrinsic desire for personal development. Moreover, the theory has a frustration-regression hypothesis, suggesting that individuals who are frustrated in heir attempts to satisfy one need may regress to another one. For example, Kipsy was frustrated by the lack of growth opportunities in her Job and the slow progress toward career goals which caused her relatedness needs to increase by spending more time socializing with the other clerks. The implication of this theory is that we need to recognize the multiple needs that may be driving Kipsy at a given point to understand her behavior and motivate her. Low Customer satisfaction Further we learnt in the case that there was a major problem of customer dissatisfaction. Therefore, the main reason why the rganization has a low level of customer satisfaction is due to the fact the employees are not being productive at work. Lack of communication Excellent communication skills are essential for good performance management. They are important skills used in the entire management process from planning and communicating work expectations to recognizing employees for their successful achievements. In this case it can be clearly seen that there is a lack of communication between the information clerks and the sales men also Eric and the clerks. As we learnt in the case when employees felt overwhelmed ith the work they would busy out their consoles so customers will not get through to them. This has resulted in an overall fall in sales. Lack of leadership, undertrained part time clerks, limited feedback and employees disengagement are poor communication methods which had led to many of the problems the company is facing. Eric has failed to relay on a number of messages or information which has caused low Job satisfaction among employees. The existing communication system was Just downward; this was a problem because of its one way nature. Managers inform employees but rarely solicit their advice or opinions. This was seen when kipsy proposed pre-scheduling working hours to Eric in which he stated the people upstairs wont let us do it. For a company to be successful, information needs to flow in both directions, from top to bottom and from bottom to top. A 2006 study revealed that nearly two-thirds of employees say their boss rarely or never ask their advice. The study noted, Organizations are always striving for higher employee engagement, but evidence indicates they unnecessarily create fundamental mistakes. People need employee suggestions, a practice the company thinks is especially important to nnovation. Possible Solutions This can include change in overall management structure, improve communications which includes staff involvement and meetings, review training program for part time staff, try to change company policy on flexible working hours, review supervisory roles, incentive schemes (not necessarily pay), meetings between clerks and salespersons. Recommended solutions and its implementation Eric needs to be aware of individual differences when communicating with the employees. He needs to spend more time with workers and try and understand their concerns and needs. Be up-to date about any issue and deliver the clerks problem to top management and push them to take action. Eric should give feedback. Although he has spent a modest amount of his time with his employees we have not seen him giving any feedback to them. He can give oral feedback to encourage the employees rather than let kipsy take the role. If we want to examine why high absenteeism and employee turnover rate, low customer satisfaction, lack of communication and Kipsy are problems we have to look at motivation. The clerks and salesmen are not motivated to work as it is reflected in the poor performance as they are not happy in heir Jobs. See below some suggestions to motivate the employees: Recognize individual differences Everyone in the organization has their own abilities to perform a specific task efficiently therefore clerks and salesmen should be rewarded based on their performance. This will motivate them to increase productivity and reduce absenteeism and turnover. Match people to Jobs Choose the right person for the right Job. This is a managerial problem especially HR as it is not appropriate to employ people with good abilities and potential in the call center as in the example f KIPSY. Increase work quality The quality of work must also be improved. Every time a wrong code is typed into the computer and wrong information is given a customer is left dissatisfied. This could be improved by designing shorter number, letters to type and also it would be easier for the clerks to remember. Eric should adopt one of Henry Mintzberg ten management roles which is the role of : Disseminator. To be a good disseminator you need to know how to share information and outside views effectively, which means that good communication skills are vital.

6 charts show wide economic gulf between races (memo format) Article

6 charts show wide economic gulf between races (memo format) - Article Example We further-for clarity and simplicity purpose-discuss each subsection in terms of the previous year situational and the current year situation. Going a notch higher, we critically compare and contrast the situations at the beginning through the trend and to the end of year 2011 as follows. A critical examination of the persons above 18 years saw a declining trend from 70% rate for whites to 60% percent between years 1960 to 2011. On the other hand, the blacks also indicated a diminishing trend from 60% to 30% marriage rates between different races. The gap at the beginning was recorded as 13 Pts and widened to 24 Pts. A remarkable progress was made in terms of the number of both races, with initial gap being 23 Pts in 1960 and decreasing to 18 Pts in 2011. The Blacks initially were at 70% and the Whites at 90% which slightly decreased to about 87% for the Whites and 67% for Blacks. A 5 Pts change was seen while contrasting the level of disparity under homeownership segregation. At the beginning of year 1980, the Whites owned about 70% and this rose to about 73% in year 2011. On the other hand, about 47% was initially owned by the Blacks which merely changed. Above the age of 25, both races are seen to almost equal in terms statistics available. An initial gap of 24 Pts in 1960 has been narrowed to 7 Pts at the close of the year 2011. To add on the same, an increasing trend in terms of education is noted for both the races. In respect to life expectancy at birth for the two races, the gap has been minimized to a mere difference of 4 years in 2011 from the previous gap of 7 years in 1960. The trend increases and this will reduce further to equalize. At the presidential election, the trend has really changed with the blacks taking the lead to vote. A negative relationship is seen at the close of year 2011 where a negative change of 3

Hospital Disaster Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospital Disaster Planning - Research Paper Example Finally the purpose of a plan is to enable an organization reduce expenses which may occur at a future time. To begin with, every plan and project has to have goals and objectives to be met and therefore ample time ought to be invested so that all relevant information is table. In case of fire, some on the things to consider are how the fire outbreak can occur. In some instance, fire occurs outside the premises while in few instances inside the building. The major question then is how one will handle such a case in either case. There is therefore a need to have a plan. The initial step in designing a good plan for fire emergency is to contact personnel who have dealt with such cases, for they have a wide knowledge of past experience in disaster management and therefore they would be fundamental assets for a viable emergency management fire plan (Hanna, 2008). A good plan should define basin emergency terminologies and diagrammatically show any symbol associated with fire emergency and a clear definition of the symbol and its use and purpose. This is because the team that comes up with the plan may not be the same team that will put the plan into operation. The sequential steps and measures to pursue, incase of fire breakout, should be sequential enough and easy to implement. Furthermore, a good plan should have a list of appendix to give easy reference of information within the plan. In addition, a good plan should also be able to achieve its objectives perfectly well and also it should be subject to amendment. Assuming that fire outbreak from outside, some of the objectives many include one, to ensure that the larger mass of patients who possible could be outside are well controlled in order to avoid any casualty. Secondly, in case of fatalities, first aid ought to be administered instantaneously to avoid further complication. In addition to that, the medial care should come up with ways of ensuring that the available

Teenage Binge Drinking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenage Binge Drinking - Term Paper Example An average teenager comes across a range of advertisements almost on a daily basis. Thereby teenage binge drinking has a media associated angle. This book explains as to how teenagers pick bad habits after being influenced by media. This book will help in broadening the scope of the intended paper. Second Paper Teenage Binge Drinking There is no denying the fact that binge drinking is a phenomenon that is continually on the rise. Today teenagers get exposed to alcohol and substance abuse at quiet an early range, going by the fact that the parents today are less accessible to teenagers owing to their busy schedules and thereby many teenagers lack access to the requisite adult opinion that could warn them about the adverse effects of binge drinking (Barrie, 2011). Teenage binge drinking is getting very common in the light of the fact that the teenagers today are exposed to a plethora of consumerist and life style associated stresses, which make them more vulnerable to alcohol abuse, th ereby, giving way to a plethora of negative impacts on their health and social and academic life. As already said, the teenagers get attracted to alcohol, motivated by a wide range of sociological pulls and pressures. In that context it is really insightful to delve on the fact as to why and how the teenagers get to binge drinking? Teenagers owing to their age happen to be curious and many a times they are driven to drinking motivated by their sense of curiosity (Boyd, 1995). They simply want to know as to what it is like to drink alcohol. The other thing is that owing to the very nature of the contemporary society, the teenagers today are vulnerable to a range of pressures associated with their studies, career, relationships and friend circle. Hence, many teenagers do... Teenagers simply do not understand the facts that binge drinking tend to have a range of negative impacts on all the facets of their life. Binge drinking not only has bad and serious consequences for the health of teenagers, but it could also restrict their physical and emotional growth . The other thing is that a habit of alcohol abuse interferes negatively with the academic life of teenagers and badly influences their grades and career prospects . Binge drinking certainly has dire consequences imminent on the social life of the teenagers. A habit of alcohol abuse jeopardizes the social image and persona of the teenagers and hampers their capacity for pursuing a normal social life. Thereby the parents and the adult family members should make it a point to help and explain to teenagers that alcohol abuse could ruin their life. Schools and teachers could also play a positive role in helping teenagers understand the serious consequences of alcohol abuse. The media should also act respo nsible and the private companies must be restricted from launching ads that target teenagers and encourage them to indulge in bad habits.

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B 1.Intro As of April 2016, 582 extrasolar planets have been discovered (NASA) using Doppler spectroscopy, a method for detecting extrasolar planets by deducing their radial velocity from the Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planets parent star. Using this method, Anglada-Escude et al (2016) recent observations have revealed a 1.3 Earth mass planet orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri. Although Earth-like planets arent uncommon, the recent discovery of Proxima b is particularly exciting as at a distance of 1.3 parsecs it is our closest potentially habitable star. Where previous studies were stunted by the distance of the host star to the Earth, Proxima b may within reach of Earth and space based telescopes giving us the ability to better judge its characteristics. While Proxima b is in the goldilocks zone, meaning it has potential to have water and perhaps even life, it is subject to intense radiation and solar wind. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b and Prospects for characterising the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b question whether Proxima has an atmosphere, with the primary focus being whether Proxima b can maintain liquid water on its surface. The former does this by estimating the current high-energy irradiance of the planet and show that the orbit is likely to be in either a synchronous or 3:2 spin-orbit resonance. The latter article considers measuring the variation in thermal emission with orbital phase as a method for characterizing Proxima bs atmosphere. 2. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b 2.1 SummaryIn this paper the authors work through a number of factors that could affect the potential habitability of Proxima b. While noting there is a surplus of Earth like planets (Kepler), the authors need question whether Proxima lies within the Habitable Zone, where a stellar flux is low enough to maintain surface water but high enough to maintain the planetary surface as defined by Kasting et al. Due to a stellar input of ~65% than of the Earth Proxima b lies within these limits. High Energy IrradiationHigh-energy emissions including X-rays through to far-UV (FUV) and particle winds are known to influence atmospheres of rocky planets. A particular issue when estimating the XUV fluxes is that Proxima is a flare star (haish et 1983) meaning its HE emissions can vary significantly. The work in the paper was built from X-ray emission observations via ROSAT and XMM that report log LX = 27:2 erg sà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 g and LX = 27:4 erg sà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 respectively (Haish 1999). To generalise the overall dose on the planetary atmosphere, the authors consider the average XUV luminosity over an extended timescale while accounting for flare variation. Using XMM-Newton observations, the strongest flare has an energy of about 210^31 erg. CN Leo has a similar X-Ray luminosity and thus can be used to model flare distribution for Proxima. Audard el state a power law with the form N(> E) = 3:7 _ 1037Eà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1:2, where N is the number of flares per day, and E is the total (integrated) flare energy in erg . This shows CN Leo has flares with energies greater than about 2 _ 1031 erg over a timescale of 1 day.This is found to be in agreement with the XMM-data set, consolidating this is a reliable representative of the daily flux. Thus giving (between 0.65 and 3.8nm) a time integrated average flux of 87 ergss_1cm^-2 . To account for more energetic flares a calculated extra 22 ergs s^-1 cm^-2 is added, totalling at 109 erg s^-1cm^-2 . Flux estimates (including flare contribution) were calculated over a range of wavelengths, as listed below: ROSAT observations for the 3.8nm to 10nm range produced an X-Ray dose of 163 erg s^1 cm^2 EUVE spectrum for the extreme UV 10nm to 40nm range produced a flux value of 111 ergs^1cm2 FUSE observations for the far UV 92-118nm range produced a flux value of 20 egs HST/STIS for the 118-170nm range produced a flux value of 130 ergs Therefore between 0.6 and 118nm, the total integrated flux today that is a fair representative of HE radiation on the atmosphere of Proxima b is of 307ergs^1. For comparison purposes, the XUV flux at Earth is calculated to be 5.1 ergs, showing Proxima b to receive 60 times more XUV flux. This data is illustrated in fig. -Probability of capture: The authors remark on the poor parameterizations of previous work on tidal dissipation of rocky planets (Darwin 1880, love 1909, goldreich 1963), their primary issue being models would always predict an equilibrium rotation rate where tidal torque would vanish. The authors use the Andrade model as tailored by Efromsky 2012 and Eq 10 of Marakov 2012. The Andrade time was set to be equal to the Maxwell time of tm=500yr for simplicity. The results for 3:2 resonance capture probability are shown in fig. Curve a) indicates where tidal torque at the lower boundary of the separatrix is negative and greater than the maximum restoring torque. b) indicates tidal torque at the lower boundary of the separatrix is positive and (c) indicates where maximal tidal torque inside the resonance is greater than the maximum triaxial torque. Regions above (c) and/or (b) (white regions) leads to certain capture due to tidal torque, whereas below (c) and (a) (black region) capture is impossible as triaxial torque is too weak. The implication for climate would be that liquid water is possible depending on the rotation. If the planets orbital eccentricity is 0.06 it is likely Proxima will have a tropical belt. -water loss It is undeniable how estimates of volatile loss are poorly constrained, due to the lack of key data e.g. evolution of atmospheric composition, stellar wind properties, photochemistry of the upper atmosphere etc. The authors take a moment to discuss an alternative approach for determining Proxima bs volatile loss: Comparing Earths early development with Proxima bs. By considering how Earth built by a multitude of moon size protoplanets across 10Myr, the authors argue the XUV irradiation and stellar wind experience on proto-Earth is comparable to that of Proxima b. lamer et al modelled volatile losses of early Earth showing significant loss caused by hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen and strong stellar wind exposure. Due to the fact the runaway phase of Proxima is only longer than the Earths by a small factor 12 um. Finally, to determine how tightly the albedo and heat redistribution can be constrained, an MCMC fit was trailed on the simulated LRS spectrum from Fig 2 using the emcee package (Foreman-Mackey et al) The fit was run with redistribution, F, and albedo, A, as free parameters, from the fit one can measure F=0.07 and albedo A=0.13 to be well constrained. The authors conclude that a MIRI phase curve is sufficient means to determine the existence of an atmosphere on Proxima b. A then turn their attention to the feasibility of detecting an ozone absorption feature from Proxima b at 10um. Key motivation being this is a prominent feature of Earths IR emission spectrum and acts a potential evidence of present life. Bond albedo was set to A=0.3 to match Earths and an isothermal temperature arrangement is assumed. Using a modelling calculated by Rugheimer, that assumes an Earth-like atmospheric composition irradiated by a GJ 1214b-like star, it is noted that the ozone feature does not vary with planet orbital phase but is detectable from a very high signal-to-noise spectrum. The predicted feature amplitude was less than 1ppm. To illustrate how much observation time would be required to detect said feature, fig shows a simulated spectrum co-added from 60 days. The absorption feature at 9.8um corresponds to an ozone band and the dip at 8 is due to methane. 3.2 Implication/ImportanceA major concern would be that detecting modulations with JWST would be extremely challenging due to Proxima Centauri s stellar variability and flares. To estimate how feasible it would be to detect Proxima bs thermal emission, the JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) was used to estimate signal-to-noise ratios for MIRI observations of Proxima Cen. Using a model spectrum, the ETC produced the expected count rate, which also correlated with the S/N predictions from Cowan et al. Although it feeds back good results, the paper highlights the need to test the precision of the MIRI detector. A general issue with this paper is calculations are simply based on possible observations with the James Webb Space Telescope, as opposed to actual recorded data. Realistically, conclusions drawn about phase variation for Proxima arent definitive, though the paper shows potential of the MIRI could do and show. Other recent paper including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.., have a general agreement that the JWST could be used to infer exoplanets rotation periods and dissipation rates. In theory, measurement using the MIRI (which covers the wavelength range of 5 to 28 microns) at different wavelengths could be used to find atmospheric signatures, constrain the radius, the albedo and the inclination of Proxima b, as well as its rotation. This paper consolidates this idea. 3.3 Assessment In the introduction many issues that could affect Proxima bs atmosphere are mentioned, for example Proxima bs evolutionary history, but these topics werent covered in the body of the article. The introduction also states three methods available to characterize the planets atmosphere. The last (measure variation in thermal emission with orbital phase) is the focus of this paper, however the first two (directly image the planet, measure variations in reflected starlight with orbital phase) were perhaps unreasonably undiscussed. The quality of the results is difficult to assess, on the one hand an abundance of assumptions were used, to the extent that all of Section Five of this paper lists assumptions about the planetary system used in the their analysis. In many cases decisions were poorly explained. For example an albedo of 0.1 is used in the climate model while commenting Proxima bs atmosphere would likely have a higher albedo (perhaps 0. Like Earths), however dont they elaborate on why they settled with 0.1. On the other hand many of the assumptions were heavily based on previous work by a variety of researchers. The need for atmosphere case with moderate distribution F=0.35 was driven by a plethora of research ((e.g., Joshi et al. 1997; Merlis Schneider 2010; Heng et al. 2011a, 2011b; Pierrehumbert 2011; Selsis et al. 2011; Leconte et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2013, 2014; Koll Abbot 2015, 2016; Turbet et al. 2016).) which have shown how the presence of an atmosphere can reduce the amplitude of IR phase v ariation by a factor two or more. This made decisions feel more reliable and justified. Yet, without having read referenced work, certain aspects were hard to follow. Some of their most significant work on simulated spectrum is noted to be built upon the work of selsis et al, however there is no indication of what work Sel actually conducted. The paper in general couldve done with a more substantial amount of explanation for this made for a frustrating read. 4. Comparison In terms of writing style, It is apparent anglada had done a more extensive amount of research, Work is important as it highlight the value of using a combination of space and ground telescopes and In terms of research, both papers take a focus on the effects of different eccentricities on a tidally locked planet and its atmosphere. K considered this when creating a climate model and simulated a measurement of the thermal phase variation whereas anglada deduced it is likely Proxima is in a 3:2 rotation and considered the implication of the HE radiation Proxima b would receive. Generally, the authors draw the same conclusion, that Proxima b could have an atmosphere, perhaps capable of supporting life. In the case of no heat redistribution or having synchronous rotation, Proxima b having an atmosphere is improbable. In the case or heat redistribution or asynchronous rotation, one could infer that an atmosphere or ocean is present. Theres a consensus that defining planet habitability is not straightforward, there are vast limitations on calculations that can be done and any modelling is not strongly representative of Proxima bs characteristics. Both papers also make use of modelling Earths past and current state as a forecast for Proxima bs development. Using the Earths past to give us more information to further determine Proxima bs atmosphere and potential habitability was fairly clever and intuitive concept. Future work, perhaps after the launch of the JWST, could consider this concept in more detail for a more well-rounded understanding of Proxima bs characteristics.In conclusion, both papers were particularly insightful, encourage future missions similar to Kepler, and will hopefully drive new research.

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Classroom Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy â€Å"I’m gonna be a teacher!† I remember telling my second grade teacher, Ms. Akers. It was time to prepare for Open House and we were doing projects based upon our chosen life profession. It was wonderful being in the second grade – you could be anything in the world. And I wanted to be a teacher. That was nearly twenty-five years ago, and my decision still stands. Experience and maturity have changed my views on many issues, but I still want to help shape future generations. I believe our future is held in the hands of today’s children and it is everyone’s responsibility, and an educator’s privilege, to help children discover who they are and whom they can be. While there are many approaches and disciplines related to education, I believe it is naà ¯ve to think that any one approach is all-inclusive. Just as several subjects are studied to make a whole education, several approaches, when combined, can create a more wholesome educational experience. I agree with the Progressivism view that education must be relevant to the needs and interests of students and that learning increases when we are engaged in meaningful activities. A student’s full potential cannot be reached if his/her basic needs such as food, clothing, and compassion are not met. While we are not social workers, we can show the student that he/she is valued and cared for by the way we interact with him/her. Likewise, if a student is not interested in the subject being taught, he/she will be less likely to concentrate and learn. It is our job as educators to create interesting environments with stimulating approaches to learning. It has been my experience that the Behaviorism approach of positive reinforcement is a very effective method. If we, as teachers, provide positive reinforcement whenever students perform a desired behavior/task, they soon will learn to perform the behavior/task on their own. Children need to learn on their own in a relaxed environment and be given support when appropriate. Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Classroom Teachers Essays Educational Philosophy â€Å"I’m gonna be a teacher!† I remember telling my second grade teacher, Ms. Akers. It was time to prepare for Open House and we were doing projects based upon our chosen life profession. It was wonderful being in the second grade – you could be anything in the world. And I wanted to be a teacher. That was nearly twenty-five years ago, and my decision still stands. Experience and maturity have changed my views on many issues, but I still want to help shape future generations. I believe our future is held in the hands of today’s children and it is everyone’s responsibility, and an educator’s privilege, to help children discover who they are and whom they can be. While there are many approaches and disciplines related to education, I believe it is naà ¯ve to think that any one approach is all-inclusive. Just as several subjects are studied to make a whole education, several approaches, when combined, can create a more wholesome educational experience. I agree with the Progressivism view that education must be relevant to the needs and interests of students and that learning increases when we are engaged in meaningful activities. A student’s full potential cannot be reached if his/her basic needs such as food, clothing, and compassion are not met. While we are not social workers, we can show the student that he/she is valued and cared for by the way we interact with him/her. Likewise, if a student is not interested in the subject being taught, he/she will be less likely to concentrate and learn. It is our job as educators to create interesting environments with stimulating approaches to learning. It has been my experience that the Behaviorism approach of positive reinforcement is a very effective method. If we, as teachers, provide positive reinforcement whenever students perform a desired behavior/task, they soon will learn to perform the behavior/task on their own. Children need to learn on their own in a relaxed environment and be given support when appropriate.

Industrial Relations Practices Essay

This chapter seeks to review the thoughts of other experts on industrial relations practices in state owned organisations. The purpose is to have a reference in terms of what others believe and perceive in relation to industrial relation and its practices in state owned organizations using Ghana as a case study. State-Business Relations and Economic Performance in Ghana by Charles Ackah, Ernest Aryeetey, Joseph Ayee & Ezekiel Clottey In their executive summary, Charles Ackah, Ernest Aryeetey, Joseph Ayee & Ezekiel Clottey, talked about the fact that relationship between the state and business community in Ghana had varied since independence. Though each government has had distinct relations with business and private sectors, civilian governments have generally promoted and enjoyed good rapport with the business community while military governments especially in the 1980s have tended to have confrontations with the private sector. Their study used a multi-disciplinary approach that included both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the disciplines of political science, economics, history, sociology and organizational management. They were seeking to understand what constitutes effective state-business relations, and to assess how state-business relations are related to economic performance, their study relied on historical institutionalist inductive theories- comparative historical analysis and path-dependence, among others. For their analysis, their study relied on both primary data, from interviews with selected formal and informal enterprises and regulatory agencies within Ghana, and their secondary data were derived from a review of statutory literature such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, Codes, Contracts, rules and procedures and conventions establishing institutions. Their purpose was to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of foreign and indigenous businesses, how these have evolved over time and how they may have impacted economic performance. For their quantitative economic analysis, their study used a panel of 256 Ghanaian manufacturing firms over the period 1991-2002 to analyze the extent to which an effective state-business relationship is beneficial to economic performance. Focusing on total factor productivity, they found out that an effective State Business Relations (SBR) or a sound investment climate correlates positively with better firm performance, possibly channeled via a more optimal allocation of resources in the economy. Concerning the effect of the investment climate indicators, their results showed that an ‘unfriendly’ investment climate illustrated through firms’ perceptions about economic and regulatory policy uncertainty affecting their operations and growth are negatively correlated with productivity. With regards to the SBR measures, they found that social networks as indicated through the extent to which firms or their managers have close contacts within the government or bureaucracy had a statistically positive correlation with firm performance. Their results indicated that being well connected with those who make and implement government policy increases the chances of being able to lobby to overcome some of the difficulties confronting normal business enterprises, such as the number of procedures it takes to obtain licenses and permits and the number of days it takes to clear imported goods from the port. Narrative analysis of state agencies and Private Enterprises Foundation’s perceptions of SBRs in Ghana from 1992 to 2008 which also coincides and extends beyond the period of econometric analysis of SBRs on firm performance confirms the results discussed above. Both state and BAs agree on a shift from a predominantly ad hoc and informal clientelistic relationship to a more formal and synergistic SBRs in Ghana since 1992. Formal and regularized meetings between state agencies and businesses have positively impacted on firm productivity. They conclude for instance, PEF’s formal advocacy role and function resulted in the use of GCNET to expedite clearing of imported goods. Business concerns of firms are channeled more often through formal by BAs to state agencies. Firms through their BAs make inputs into budget and other policy on formalized basis. Moreover, strong formal relationship between the executive and BAs such as the investors advisory council have helped firms stay close to government and bureaucracy. Overall, their findings contribute to understanding that link between an effective state business relations and economic performance. Their paper adds to the work done by Qureshi and te Velde (2007) by investigating the key determinants of firm performance and also assessing the relationship between an effective SBR and firm productivity in Ghana. The results of their study stress the need for an enabling environment for the private sector. Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically hinges on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate. Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the core responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction. Markets are good but are not without flaws. Thus, in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the markets, it is important that the many constraints that inhibit the private sector from responding effectively to market incentives are removed, complemented with an increased effectiveness of government involvement in supporting private sector activities. Apart from the positive effect of SBRs on economic performance, the other lesson which can be drawn from their paper is that even though successive governments in Ghana have shown some commitment to supporting a viable private sector that commitment has, at the same time, been undermined by governments’ own fear of a strong private sector acting as a countervailing force and thereby weakening their monopoly over neo-patrimonialism. Consequently, the commitment may be seen as a public relations hoax. An effective SBR in Ghana requires sustained formalized political commitment to policies that sees the private sector as a catalyst and initiator of pro-poor growth and development. In their Introduction, they pointed out a number of theoretical models which provides many compelling reasons why effective SBRs would stimulate economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic growth has been an important topic of discussion in almost every economy for a very long time. Previous research has found steady increases in investment and productivity to be crucial to a country’s long-run economic growth and poverty reduction. Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically hinge on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate. Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the core responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction. The economic reform programmes introduced in many developing countries during the 1980’s stressed the need for a propitious enabling environment for the private sector. Initially there were high expectations that a package of macroeconomic reforms (‘getting the prices right’) would give quick dividends in terms of economic growth. There has been growing disappointment with the growth record in many developing countries. Increased globalization and trade liberalization have led to a realization of the huge potential for the private sector but has also led to a considerable shift in the relationship between the public and private sector actors. Empirically, the size and role of the private sector is clearly evolving with globalization. Many high-growth nations have relied on markets to allocate resources. Markets, however, are not without flaws. And in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the markets, it is important that the many constraints that inhibit the poor from responding effectively to market incentives are removed. A well-functioning market system, underpinned by strong institutions, with adequate protection of intellectual and physical property rights, and ‘smart’ interventions by the state, provides an enabling environment for businesses and individuals to innovate, compete and create value for all. This encapsulates the paramount importance of inclusive growth, i. e. , creating economic opportunities through sustainable growth and making the opportunities available to all including the poor. The relationship between the state and business in forging economic growth and development has been an enduring area of research for both economists and political scientists since the Industrial Revolution of the 17th Century. Literature and research findings have emphasized both the positive and negative roles of the state in promoting markets and economic developments. By the early 1980s, many interventionist states had been judged to have failed in their quest to directly promote economic development. The public sector in most states became big and excessive, while government control of economic activities was counterproductive as pricing and subsidies favoured the urban few. Among developing countries, Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) misallocated resources, discouraged exports and limited importation or transfer of much needed technology (Kohli, 2000). Quite contrary to the neo-liberal economic views held by most international development agencies that state interventions in economic growth and development was counterproductive, the role of states in development and the enhancement of pro-poor growth cannot be overstated (Amsden, 1989; Wade, 1990). Notable examples of states like Japan, South Korea in the 1980s and most recently China and India in the late 1990s show the positive role states can play in promoting development and poverty reduction among developing economies. Chalmers (1982) shows that in the case of Japan the state’s ability to prioritize areas for economic development, support private entrepreneurs and undertake direct and indirect interventions in economy promoted economic development. Such developmental states positively alter market incentive structures, manage conflicts, reduce risks and give direction to entrepreneurs (Kohli, 2000). Similarly, the World Bank Report of 1997 acknowledged the important roles of both the state and market, saying that â€Å"an effective state is vital for the provision of goods and services that allow markets to flourish and people to lead healthier, happier lives† (World Bank 1997:1). In short, the state also needs to establish and maintain the institutions that encourage or allow growth-related economic activity. While neoliberal growth theorists officially support a minimal role for government in economic affairs, it is still the case that economic growth generally depends upon a strong government and also relies on the state to construct and organize markets (MacEvan 1999:2-19). Since independence in 1957, Ghana has been making slow and unsteady progress in achieving structural change and economic transformation. Successive Ghanaian governments have undertaken a number of reforms targeted at improving the investment climate and promoting private sector participation in the economy. In 1992, when the Fourth Republican Constitution was promulgated to usher in multi-party democracy, several other development policies were introduced to augment market interventions for sustainable private sector development. The country adopted and implemented neoliberal structural adjustment programmes and market reforms. Apart from pursuing a vigorous free-market economic, industrial and trade policy, it also adopted a liberalized investment policy, with the goal of attracting foreign investment as well as promoting joint ventures between foreign and local investors. Certain social, political and economic patterns of change have emerged, such as, an expanding private sector and the establishment of legal and regulatory structures. Some improvements have also been attained in the provision of infrastructure, health and education, macroeconomic stability, and ongoing reforms in the financial sector. These changes, however, are unlikely to guarantee the needs of the private sector in today’s complex globalized world. Fundamental problems in the political and administrative system still persist despite many attempts at reform. Problems remain in relation to formalizing business operations in the country and corruption continues to be a problematic factor for doing business in Ghana. Many private companies encounter difficulties with regulations and continuing administrative inertia and corruption. A fairly high percentage of companies surveyed by the World Bank and IFC Enterprise Survey in 2007 report that they expect to pay informal payments to public officials to ‘get things done’ such as securing an operating license, meeting tax obligations and securing government contract. The survey also indicates that the burden of customs procedures in Ghana is quite cumbersome and constitutes a competitive disadvantage. Delays in customs procedures are sometimes deliberate as they create opportunities for officials to request unofficial payments. Against this backdrop, the purpose of their study was to examine the efficacy or otherwise of institutional arrangements put in place by various governments since to promote state business relations aimed at promoting economic growth and reducing poverty. The main objectives of their study were to: †¢? ssess the political and economic factors that have either promoted or undermined the effective functioning of private sector growth in Ghana; †¢? identify and discuss the influence of formal and informal institutions on pro-poor policy decision- making and implementation; and †¢? examine the key determinants of state-business relations (SBRs) and their effects on corporate performance in Ghana. Their study too k a multi-disciplinary approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the disciplines of political science, economics, and organizational management. Primary data include interviews with selected formal and informal enterprises and regulatory agencies within Ghana. Secondary data included review of statutory literature such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, codes, contracts, rules and procedures and conventions establishing institutions. Their purpose here is to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of businesses, how these have evolved over time, and how they may have impacted on economic performance. For the quantitative economic analysis, the study uses micro-econometric methods based on firm level data to investigate the linkages between measures of SBRs and firm performance. Cross-sectional and panel data regression analyses were employed to analyze how measures of effective SBRs relate to firm-level productivity. In their conceptualizing state-business relations, they highlighted that, most development theories that emerged in the early 19th century discussed economic and political relations among both developed and developing countries. Many theorists commented on the relations between the state and society which also comprised economic groups. While development remained the overarching focus of such studies, much of what was discussed had direct bearings on the relationship between emergent states in the developing world and how economic agents interacted. Then, the relationship between states and markets were conceived in ideological terms. Capitalists who wrote after Adam Smith emphasized the importance of markets in generating wealth. Most commentators claimed markets can self-regulate. Marxists writers on the other hand introduced class relations in how state and markets operate with claims that dominant classes who control wealth creation in most polities capture the state to pass laws and institutions that favour their cause. In between these two extreme positions on state and markets, many variant views were suggested to explain specific circumstances. Conventional economic theorists see the state as â€Å"an important initiator and catalyst of growth and development† (Martinussen, 1997:220). What still remains contentious is how states are conceptualised. Martinussen (1997:222) lists two major approaches and four dimensions of the state. A ‘society-centred’ approach attaches much importance to societal structures and social forces that exert greater impact on what become the state such that state power, apparatus and functions derive from economic agents and social forces of societies (Poulantzas, 1978). State-centred’ approaches give greater autonomy to state apparatuses and state personnel who act independently of economic agents, social classes or interest groups (Clark and Dear, 1984). Myrdal’s point about discretionary powers of political leaders is shared by dialectic modernization theorists like Jackson and Rosberg (1982) who noted that African rulers’ personality takes precedence ov er rules. State-business relations take place in such political environments where patron-client relationships exist throughout Africa (Sandbrook, 1985). In the absence of a legal framework that ensures security of property; impartial public services that directly facilitate production; and the regulation of foreign economic relations that maximises national interest, informal ties like blood relations, ethnic origins and personal access to political leadership dictate the pace of SBR in many parts of Africa. More recently since the early 1980s, following the monumental role played by states in Asia to transform third world economies into developed states, many theorists have offered explanations on the role of states and markets (Johnson, 1987, Evans, 1995). Conclusions made by such scholars indirectly places emphasis on the ‘magical’ blend between the developmental goals of the state and the profit maximization drive of private sector institutions in Asia. On macroeconomic impacts, the articles revealed the factors responsible for market failure are the existence of monopoly, public goods (goods which are non-rival and non-excludable) and externalities. Others include imperfect and asymmetric information and increasing returns to scale. These factors disturb the optimal allocation of resources in the economy necessitating government intervention. For example, firms in their activities generate an externality which may end up affecting other firms or individuals with the cost or benefit of doing so not reflected in the value of their transactions. Similarly, these firms in the absence of training and adequate knowledge on the importance of investing in transferable worker skills, may under- invest in the skills and capacity of its general workers. The government or public sector is also not exempt from failures. Government failure is said to occur when government action results in a less efficient allocation of resources. As such government intervention though necessary, may not be sufficient in addressing the failures in the market. This is because often, particularly in developing economies, governments lack the institutional and structural capabilities such as perfect information, practical and feasible development plans, essential logistics and structures that are required for addressing the failures which arise from the market. Also, government intervention in the market may result in crowding out which occurs when the government expands its borrowing more to finance increased expenditure or tax cuts in excess of revenue, crowding out private sector investment by way of higher interest rates. Similarly, government intervention activities may suffer intense lobbying and rent-seeking activities especially in countries with high records of corruption, eventually resulting in the misallocation of resources in the economy. With this background, it is obvious that a SBR is extremely essential. Such a relationship provides the solution to state, market and coordination failures. In principle, business associations play a significant role in facilitating the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of economic policies and provision of feedback to the government (Hisahiro, 2005). In addition, such a relationship between the state and the private sector plays a central role in providing a bridge between the business community and political circles. Further, these relations establish communication links between the government and businesses to exchange wide-range economic information, such as on industrial development, export markets and research and development (R;D). In short, by establishing networks between the state and the market, concrete and practical data on industries, markets and technologies are obtained and shared which may serve as an important information bureau for effective industrial and state policies. Harriss (2006) argues that a favorable collaboration between the state and business may have positive consequences for the growth of the economy as a whole, as long as certain mechanisms are in place which facilitate the following: transparency- the flow of accurate and reliable information, both ways, between the business and government; reciprocity between the business and the government; credibility- such that the market is able to believe what the state actors say and; high levels of trust through transparency, reciprocity and credibility. Hence, appropriate government policies, necessary for promoting economic growth in general and private sector development in particular are made possible by an efficient and fruitful state business relations and dialogues. On microeconomic impacts, the article suggested that, a well-structured, organized and effective relationship between the state and the market which satisfies the conditions of transparency, reciprocity, credibility and trust enhances the productivity of the firm in so many important ways. Firstly, an effective SBR helps to reduce policy uncertainties in the economy. Expectations play a major role in the activities of firms and investors particularly when it comes to savings decisions, the type of investment to undertake or the type of goods to produce, the period of production, the quantities to be produced, the technology to be used, how and where to market what has been produced and even how pricing of the commodities should be done. All these decisions are taken based on anticipated market conditions and expected profitability. As such any uncertainty in the economy tends to affect the activities of these firms, the level of investment and consequently the level of economic activity, which translates into economic growth. The absence of clear policies causes these firms to operate in uncertain environments, exposing their businesses to undue risks and resource shortages. Dixit and Pindyck (1994) argue that uncertainty tends to have significant negative effects on investment, especially when investment involves large sunk and irreversible costs. Against this backdrop, it is quite clear that businesses which have a better and effective relationship with the government may not be in the dark when it comes to policy decisions. Several studies confirm the negative effect that uncertainty has on investment. For instance, Bonds and Cummins (2004), in a survey of publicly-traded US companies, found that uncertainty has a negative effect on investment in both the short- and the long -run. Similarly, Ghosal (2003) was also able to show that periods of greater uncertainty have a crucial effect on industry dynamics and thus results in a decrease in the number of small firms and establishments and also a marginal increase in industrial concentration. In short, a greater correspondence and interaction between the state and the business enhances the free flow of information on prospective policies and reduce the level of uncertainty in the business environment, which is expected to result in a greater business confidence, quick firm-decision making and more accurate forecasting. Secondly, an effective liaison between the state and the market results in tailor-made, accurate and efficient government policies and institutions. In other words, an effective SBR will ensure that government policies towards businesses are appropriate and of good quality. This is because, in the presence of such an effective relationship between the state and the market, the design of government policies will be done, among other things, using the input of and in consultation with the private sector. Regular interactions and sharing of information will ensure that the private sector objectives coincide with public action and that local level issues are inputted into the centralized policy processes. The private sector through that will be able to identify opportunities and constraints, as well as possible policy options for creating incentives, lowering investment risks and reducing the cost of doing business. This result in more efficient and convenient government regulations and policies such as tax regimes, licensing requirements and propriety rights obtained through policy dialogues and advocacy which will go a long way to reduce the risks and costs faced by firms and eventually enhance their productivity. Finally, a good relationship between the state and businesses brings about an improvement in the quality, relevance and appropriateness of government taxing and spending plans. An effective relationship will help to ensure that certain facilities and mechanisms necessary for the survival of businesses are available and operational. This is because what motivates a firm to take risks, innovate and improve its performance depends crucially on the availability of certain services, much as it may depend on the private incentive facing the firm. Examples of these public services are good infrastructural system, information and communication technology, legal and judicial services, defense and security, availability of finance as well as the availability of human and physical capital. These facilities and systems affect the firms’ productivity both directly and indirectly. For example, the provision of basic amenities like water and electricity affect productivity directly by facilitating the smooth running of businesses. On the other hand, the provision of infrastructure though may not directly affect productivity will indirectly enhance the transportation of inputs and output to and from the production sites which will enhance the speed of production and also the quality of marketed products and eventually enhance their productivity. The efficient delivery of these public services require an active participation of the private sector which will be responsible for lobbying the government to increase its spending in those areas, creating a more favorable environment for investment. Again, a good SBR is also able to stimulate and sustain innovation. Schumpeter (1940) explains that innovation is one of main forces behind firm dynamics and economic growth. Also, sometimes such collaboration between the government and businesses may result in the government taking the lead to encourage and motivate the private sector to engage in research and development by providing incentives, venture capital for new enterprises and also appropriate property rights. All these activities by the government affect the productivity of the firms directly and encourage further investment. In effect, effective and sustained SBR can ameliorate both market and government failures, which are pervasive in most developing countries, and consequently bring about an increase in the growth of the economy. In conclusion and policy implications, they concluded that the relationship between states and businesses in forging economic growth and development has been an enduring area of research for economists and political scientists since the Industrial Revolution of the 17th Century. The relationship between the state and business community in Ghana has varied since independence. Though each government has had distinct relations with business and private sector, civilian governments have generally promoted and enjoyed good rapport with the business community while military governments especially in the 1980s have tended to have confrontations with the private sector. This study used a multi-disciplinary approach that included both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the disciplines of political science, economics, history, sociology and organizational management. To seek to understand what constitutes effective SBR, and to assess how SBR are related to economic performance, the study relied on historical institutionalist inductive theories- comparative historical analysis and path-dependence, among others. For this analysis, the study relied on both primary data, from interviews with selected formal and informal enterprises and regulatory agencies within Ghana, and secondary data derived from a review of statutory literature such as the Constitution of Ghana, Acts of Parliament, Statutes, Codes, Contracts, rules and procedures and conventions establishing institutions. The purpose here was to examine the characteristics of formal and informal rules and regulations governing the establishment and operation of foreign and indigenous businesses, how these have evolved over time and how they may have impacted conomic performance. For the quantitative economic analysis, the study used a panel of 256 Ghanaian manufacturing firms over the period 1991-2002 to analyze the extent to which an effective SBR is beneficial to economic performance. Focusing on total factor productivity, we have found that an effective SBR or a sound investment climate correlates positively with better firm performanc e, possibly channelled via a more optimal allocation of resources in the economy. Concerning the effect of the investment climate indicators, our results show that an ‘unfriendly’ investment climate illustrated through firms’ perceptions about economic and regulatory policy uncertainty affecting their operations and growth are negatively are negatively correlated with productivity, while social networks as indicated through the extent to which firms or their managers have close contacts within the government or bureaucracy have a statistically positive correlation with firm performance. These results indicate that being well connected with those who make and implement government policy increases the chances of being able to lobby to overcome some of the difficulties confronting normal business enterprises, such as the number of procedures it takes to obtain licenses and permits and the number of days it takes to clear imported goods from the port. Narrative analysis of state agencies and PEF’s perceptions of SBRs in Ghana from 1992 to 2008 which also coincides and extends beyond the period of econometric analysis of SBRs on firm performance confirms the results discussed above. Both state and BAs agree on a shift from a predominantly ad hoc and informal clientelistic relationship to a more formal and synergistic SBRs in Ghana since 1992. Formal and regularized meetings between state agencies and businesses have positively impacted on firm productivity. For instance, PEF’s formal advocacy role and function resulted in the use of GCNET to expedite clearing of imported goods. Business concerns of firms are channeled more often through formal by BAs to state agencies. Firms through their BAs make inputs into budget and other policy on formalized basis. Moreover, strong formal relationship between the executive and BAs such as the investors advisory council have helped firms stay close to government and bureaucracy. Overall, our findings contribute to understanding the link between an effective SBR and economic performance. This paper adds to the work done by Qureshi and te Velde (2007) by investigating the key determinants of firm performance and also assessing the relationship between an effective SBR and firm productivity in Ghana. The results of the study stress the need for an enabling environment for the private sector. Experiences from East and Southeast Asian economies have also shown that investment and productivity growth critically hinges on an effective and vibrant private sector underpinned by a sound investment climate. Promoting a sound investment climate is one of the core responsibilities of the state in both developed and developing countries to achieve rapid capital accumulation and sustained growth and poverty reduction. Markets are good but are not without flaws. Thus, in order for inequalities in incomes and opportunities not to be exacerbated by the markets, it is important that the many constraints that inhibit the private sector from responding effectively to market incentives are removed, complemented with an increased effectiveness of government involvement in supporting private sector activities. Apart from the positive effect of SBRs on economic performance, the other lesson which can be drawn from the paper is that even though successive governments in Ghana have shown some commitment to supporting a viable private sector that commitment has, at the same time, been undermined by governments’ own fear of a strong private sector acting as a countervailing force and thereby weakening their monopoly over neopatrimonialism. Consequently, the commitment may be seen as a public relations hoax. An effective SBR in Ghana requires sustained formalized political commitment to policies that sees the private sector as a catalyst and initiator of pro-poor growth and development.

Harlequin Case Analysis Essay

Harlequin Enterprises has been able to capture 80% of the series romance market. Our great existing strategy (see exhibit 1) has allowed us to be the biggest player in the series romance market. Now we face the opportunity to capture a rapidly growing market of single-title women’s fiction novels. I recommend that Harlequin aggressively pursue the single-title market, using its extensive back list collection to reissue novels by best-selling authors. Even though the consistent, well defined product, combined with an optimized supply chain and distribution in the series market has provided valuable margins, the stagnant growth in the series market is insufficient to meet company growth objectives. Operating income is currently projected to grow at 3% for next 5 years (see exhibit 2). With the launch of MIRA, Harlequin can add an incremental $10MM in the next year, and $57MM in the next 5 years. This is 16%-19% incremental profit (see exhibit 3). We will have to focus on the women’s romance fiction segment of the market. At Harlequin, we have cost efficient printing resources, which allow us the flexibility to print single title. We will need to switch from same format printing, to match the need of each individual title. We also have great editor-author relationships. Using the backlist of best-selling authors will save the company $45MM in the next 5 years in author advances (see exhibit 3). Each unit is more profitable without an author advance. (exhibit 3). We will have to abandon our current process of front-list printing only. Coincidently, our editors will need to cultivate existing series authors into single-title authors, who ensure quality content to maintain our reader’s trust. Our editors will have to adapt the editing criteria to the strengths of each individual author. Harlequin will have to rely on single title solicitation, and no longer our standard order procedures. We will utilize our existing wide distribution network, but we will have to reduce our distribution to mass merchandisers while increasing our penetration in bookstores to significantly greater than 55% (exhibit 4). Offering greater distribution margins than our series novels will help us grow our volume, and our distribution partnerships, while still maintaining healthy margins. We will allocate and spend marketing funds to promote each individual book and author, rather than the just the Harlequin brand. We will use our existing large customer base, but promote with MIRA branded covers to build brand identity and loyalty, as we aim to become a strong player in the single-title romance novel market. We will create an order system for the direct to reader channel, and eventually, we will need to implement a system to be able to forecast demand to optimize supply and profitability. If within the first two years, Harlequin does not capture atleast 5% of the unit volume sales from the market using existing back-list collection, we will invest in current best-selling authors. Even after paying the large advances, we will be able to gain an incremental $12MM in profit in the next 5 years (see exhibit 6).

Crime and Robbery misc essays

Crime and Robbery misc essays Words 1 "Crime is the violation of statutes enacted into criminal law by a locality, state, or the federal government" (Macionis, 218). Crimes against property include robbery of another's personal belongings. Property crimes include burglary, larceny, and auto theft. Burglary consists of "the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a [serious crime] or a theft" (Macionis, 220). Larceny is "the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another" (Macionis, 220). Auto theft is "the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle" (Macionis, 220). Since the beginning of time there has been crime and theft. In primitive civilizations theft could have included stealing essentials for life (food, water, shelter), women, weapons, etc. In more recent times theft has come to include all material possessions a person has. Only naming several which are money, jewelry, pets, automobiles, etc. For as long as people have legitimately owned or made a legal claim to objects there has been theft. Most criminals steal in order to support expensive habits in which excessive amounts of money are crucial. Poverty is also another significant influence of crime and theft. As well as a lack in morals and values contributes to crime and robbery. Another influence of crime and robbery is that certain crimes are committed to experience a thrill, adrenaline rush or whatever it may be called. No matter what the motive may be, crime and robbery are very frequent and rates are increasing. There is a direct and close correlation of poverty and crime. As the years have passed people have become more and more socially stratified. Thus, creating a feeling of inferiority among the poor and less fortunate. With this feeling people are more inclined to commit crimes, mainly in the form of robbery. The act ...

Ratio analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ratio analysis - Essay Example Financial ratio has its advantages to the company and the customers in equal or less gravity. In an article of transoceanic financial ratio analysis, it is easy for customer to look how the stocks look like. Customer will find it easy to evaluate the company-using price to earnings ratio. Such metric valuation uses the wisdom that that nonoperational aspects of the company such as asset impairment can affect earnings per share (Xiao, 2014).With this valuation, the company and customer can make advised decisions while investing or rectifying the areas of problem. Financial ratio analysis is also advantageous in that it is easy to come up with the components of returns. Such returns include pre-taxed interest and the pre-taxed margin. The two are the core profitability of the company before interest and the taxes. The higher margins show better prospects of the company. Another component of return is the assets turnover. Asset turnover is the revenue generated for the expenses of the assets (Xiao, 2014). In the Transoceanic financial ratio analysis article, it has a higher number indicating it is efficient in using its assets. On the disadvantages side, financial ratio analysis has couple of demerits. First and foremost, the financial ratio analysis cannot be used singularly or standalone method. They must be used hand in hand with an aggregate economy. The full economic cycle must be factored in, during analysis. Secondly, inflation can badly bloat the company’s balance sheet. On such scenario, the profit of the company will be affected in a bad fashion. In the long run of the financial analysis, the judgment will be will be interrupted on the patches where inflation infiltrated the company’s balance sheet. Financial analysis thus has its advantage and

CanGo Business Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CanGo Business Issues - Essay Example Lack of vision and mission statementsCanGo does not have a vision or a mission statement. A vision statement indicates where the where the company wants to be and the time frame within which the company expects to achieve its vision. A mission statement clearly indicates the purpose for which the business was created and its standards of behavior.CanGo’s management team should prepare both a vision and a mission statement which will guide its strategic plan. Both the vision and mission statement will act as a guide to CanGo in its uncertain business environment. The vision and mission will help direct the company in terms of the decisions that management makes. Decisions should be consistent with the vision and mission of the company. Issue #2: Lack of a strategic plan CanGo’s management does not have a strategic plan. Although CanGo is said to be the fastest growing company in the Hudson Valley there is no plan in place to achieve this status. According to Liz it is an accident. The formulation of a strategic plan is very important in any business. According to Daft (2007) the best way to control the operation of a business is through strategic planning. The company has ill-conceived ideas of having done the right things. They lack a proper understanding of the strategic management process and how to gain and maintain a competitive advantage over their competitors. There is no indication of the vision and mission of the company; plans are just made as the managers go along.